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I. Athens

1. The political form of government in Athens was democracy and Athens was an open society. But political rights were restricted to adult male citizens. In Pericles’s Athens, any citizen could hold any office, and offices were filled by lottery.  Almost all offices were held for a year, and they were filled by committees.  The 10 Generals (military men) were one of the few elected offices (annually), and this office was without term limits.
2. Population (350,000–400,000 people)
a. Citizens number 160,000 men, women, and children. 120,000 were women and children, while there were 40,000 adult males with political rights.
b. Resident aliens: (100,000) resident aliens: non-Athenian Greeks, Jews and Phoenicians. Some were wealthy but none had political rights.
c. slaves or “helots” (100,000). They were denied political rights and Aristotle saw them as inferior human beings and “slaves by nature.” They were domestic servants, or served in businesses, crafts, and workshops.
3. The ruling body of Athens was the Assembly. A quorum of 6,000 was needed to conduct business. Although any citizen could address the assembly and propose policy, most of the agenda and business was conducted by the boule, a group of 500 men chosen by ballot, or an “inner council” (an executive committee of 50 men). Legislation, justice, and administration were conducted by the Assembly. The Athenian court systems consisted of juries, of anywhere from 101 to 1,001 men, and were run by ordinary citizens.
4. The plague described by Thucydides in your IH reader breaks out in 430 BCE and kills up to 25% of the population of Athens by 429 BCE, including Pericles himself
5. A paid army and navy of 6,000 men.
6. The contributions of Athens to Western culture in art, history, philosophy, politics, drama and architecture, and science reflect one of the most creative civilizations in world history.

II. Sparta
1. The government of Sparta was an oligarchy (rule by a few), and politics were dominated by the military.  The Spartan constitution subordinated individual and family needs to the state.
2. The population of Sparta was roughly the same size as Athens.
3. Sparta was also known at Laconia on the Peloponnesian peninsula.
4. The helots famrmed the land, and the perioikoi, manufactored and traded for what the Spartans needed, leaving Spartan citizens without the need to work.  They devoted themselves full time to strict discipline, military training, and barracks living until age 60.  The Spartan male became a full citizen at age 30, an “equal.”  Men were allowed to marry, but only visited their wives by stealth.  They were among the best soldiers in the world, but were reluctant to leave Sparta, as they were fearful of helot revolts.
5.  Sparta was a closed society.  There was little education and no notable poets.  Its manners were austere, and the Spartan fashion was long, unkempt hair coupled with a suspicion of bathing.  Philosophy was hated, so in spite of Socrates’ admiration of the law and order of Sparta (and Crete), he hardly would have been welcome there. Sparta was John Calvin’s favorite city—he modeled Geneva, Switzerland after Sparta.